HARDWARE KNOWLEDGE

HARDWARE & NETWORKING.  Ø  
Dipu Sharma Ø    

Computer Assembling :- Computer assemble karne k liye 2 tarah k Parts ka use kiya jata hai .
a).Compulsary Parts
b).Optional Parts

a). Compulsary Parts :- Compulsary Parts vah parts hote
hain. jinke bina hum kisi bhi systemko assemble nahi kr sakte hain.

1. Motherboard
2. Processer
3. Ram
4. Hard Disc Drive
5. Dvd Rom
6. SMPS ( Switch Mode Power Supply )
8. Monitor
9. Keyboard/Mouse

b). Optional Parts :- Optional Parts vah Parts hote hain jinke bina kisi bhi system ko assemble kiya ja sakta hai.
1. Printer, Scanner
2. Pen Drive
3. Speaker
4. Projector
5. UPS (compulsory)
6. Web Camera

Types of computers :-
1. Branded Computer
2. Assembled Computers

Computers Assembling :- Kisi bhi Computer ko tyare karne se pahle usse sambandhit Parts ko jodkar tyar kiya gaya Computer Assembeld Computer kahlate,
Assemble Computer ko Power supply dekeworking condition me lana Computer Assembling kahlata hai.    

·      Computer Assembling 2 Prakar se ki jati hai
a. Company k dwara banaye gaye Computer ko Branded
Computer kahte hain.

b. User ki requerment k anusar banaye gaye Computer
ko Assemble Computer kahte hain.

 Branded Computer :-
1. Branded Computer vah Computer hote hain jisme user ki choice nahi hoti hai.
2. Branded Computer ki configuration Company k dwara di jati hai.
3. Branded Computer me pure Computer ki waranty hoti hai.
4. Branded Computer ko 72 hours ki testing k baad Market me launch kiya jata hai.
5. Branded Computer ki 1 se 3 saal ki waranty ho sakti hai.
6. Branded Company Computer k kharab hone par service
khud provide karte hain.

Assemble Computer :-

1. Assemble Computer user ki requerment ko dhyan me rakh kar Assemble kiye jate hain.
2. Assemble Computer me sabhi Parts ki individual warranty hoti hai.
3. Assemble Computer ki koi bhi Testing nhi ki jati hai yeh on the spot Assemble karke user ko de diye jate hain.

Input :- User dwara di gai information ko Input kahte hain, Input kaary karne k liye keyboard ka use karte hain.
Central Processing Unit :- CPU ka work Computer per Input kiye gaye data per processing karna hota hai, Isme 2 unit work karte hain.
1. A.L.U. :- Is unit ka work sabhi prakar k data per calculation karna hota hai.
2. C.U. :- Is unit ka kaary ALU se bheje gaye ya ALU dwara process kiye gaye data ki controlling karna hota hai.
c). Memory :- Computer ko on karte time 2 prakar ki Memory ka use kiya jata hai.
1. ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) :- ROM Computer ki Primery memory hoti hai iska kaam data ki formating ko read karna hota hai.
2. RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) :- RAM Computer ki Primery memory hoti hai is memory se signal ke dwara monitor ki screan per display receive kiya jata hai iska kaam kisi software ko run karana bhi hota hai.
d). OUTPUT :- Input kiye gaye data ko processing ke baad Result ke roop me prapt karna Output kahlata hai.
Processor :- मुख्य रूप से दो कम्पनी प्रोसेसर बनाती है ा 
1. Intel
2. AMD
a). Pentium 1 :- P1 k Processor 2 types k launch hote the.
1. Without MMX.
2. With MMX.
1. WITHOUT MMX :- Yeh wah processor the jinme multimedia Kaary nahi kiya ja sakta tha, aise processor motherboard pr Socket No. 1 ya 3 me lagte the.
2. WITH MMX :- Is prakar ke processor motherboard pr socket No. 7 pr lagte the.
·Processor Technology.

1. PGA ( Pin Grid Array ) :- Yeh processor wah processor hote Hian jin processor pr Pin dee hoti hai.
2. LGA ( Line Grid Array ) :- In processor pr Dos diye hote hain, Aise processor motherboard pr processor ke socket k upar Pin Dee hoti hain.
b). Pantium 2 :- Yeh processor socket No. 1 pr lagte hain.
c). Pantium 3 :- Yeh processor socket No. 370 pr lagte hain.
d). Pantium 4 :- Yeh processor socket No. 423, 468, 478. Pr kiya jata hai.
e). Dual core :- Dual core processor socket No. 775 pr lagay jate hain.
f). Core2 Duo :- Yeh processor bhi socket No. 775 pr lagte hain.
g). Core 2 Quad :- Is prakar k processor bhi socket No. 775 pr lagaye jate hain.
PROCESSOR *   SUPPORTED        MBDS *              SUPPORTED 

     P1                               80486                             SD     RAM  

     P2                                80586                              SD       RAM 

     P3                            810, 815                                SD   RAM            P4                           845, 850                             DDR, RD RAM    DUAL CORE               865, 915, 1011                        DDR1        

          CORE 2 DUO                  945, 965                       DDR2         

          CORE 2 QUAD               975                                DDR3         

Clock Speed :- Processor ki data ko Process karne ki speed ko Clock speed ya clock rate kahte hain.            
          Prcessor jis signal pr kaary kr sakta hai Us signal ki speed ko clock speed kahte hai, clock speed MHz Or Ghz me aati hai.
Processor              ******                                  Clock Speed

P1                                                                 233 MHz to 533 MHz

P2                                                                 533 MHz

P3                                                                 933 MHz to 1.6 GHz

P4                                                                1.3 GHz to 2.8 GHz

DUAL CORE                                                1.4 GHz to 3.0 GHz

CORE 2 DUO                                              1.9 GHz to 3.6 GHz

CORE 2 QUAD                                           2.2 GHz to 3.6 GHz

Core i3                                                       LGA 1156

Core i5                                                       LGA 1156

Core i7                                                       LGA 1366
Bus Speed :- Processor ki data transfer karne ki speed ko bus Speed ya Front Side Bus ( FSB ) kahte hain, Bus Speed humesha Clock Speed se kam hoti hai.

Processor                                                 Bus Speed
P1                                                             133 MHz
P2                                                             333 MHz
P3                                                             533 MHz
P4                                                            1024 MHz
Dual Core                                               1024 MHz
Core 2 Duo                                            1024 MHzCore 2 Quad                                         1333 MHz

Motherboard :- Motherboard Computer ka main board
Hota hai is pr sare device connect hote hain.
·      “There are two types of Motherboard”
a). Original Motherboard.
b). Chipset Motherboard.
a). Original Motherboard :- Jis Motherboard pr North Bridge aur South Bridge IC ek hi company k hote hain tatha Motherboard Aur BIOS IC bhi ek hi company ki ho to aise Motherboard Original Motherboard kahlate hain.
·      Original Motherboard banane wali Company .
1. intel.
2. Via.
3. Sis.4. Asus.
b). Chipset Motherboard :- Jin Motherboard pr North Bridge aur South Bridge IC alag-alag Company ki hoti hain tatha Motherboard bhi kisi alag company ka ho to aise Motherboard Chipset Motherboard kahlate hain.
·      Chipset Motherboard banane wali Company .
1. Mercury.
2. Gigabyte.
3. Asrock.4. Zibronik.
c). North Bridge :- Iska kaam Processor aur Ram ki controlling karna hota hai.
d). South Bridge :- Iska kaam Input aur Output
devices ki controlling karna hota hai.
e). CMOS ( Compemently Metal Oxide Semicunductor ) :- 

CMOS Battery ka kaam computer me date va time banaye rakhna hota Hai, aur CMOS programe me change ki information ki transfring Va recieving karna hota hai.

f). BIOS ( Basic Input Output System ) :- Yeh ek ROM IC
hai isko FLASH ROM ke naam se bhi jana jata hai, is
ROM ke andar ek Progame hota hai jisme Computer
ki sabhi input va Output ki Information store hoti hai.
SLOT :- 1. PCI SLOT ( peripheral Controller Interface )
          2. AGP SLOT ( Advance Graphics Port )
        3. CNR SLOT ( Communication Network Riser )      4. AMR SLOT ( Audio Modem Riser )
1. PGI Slot :- PCI slot me hum 32 bit ke Internal cards
jaise :- Sound cards, Lan cards, Modem cards, Display
cards aadi ka Use karte hain.
2. AGP Slot :- Isme hum 64 Bit ka Graphics Card use
karte Hain, iski pahchan iske lock dwara ki jati hai.
3. CNR Slot :- Isme 64 Bit ka Modem card use kiya
jata hai, Yeh PCI se chhota tatha AMR se bada hota hai.
4. AMR Slot :- Isme 48 Bit ka Modem Card lagta hai,
yeh CNR se Chhota hota hai, tatha ye mostly Brown
ya White Colour ka hota Hai .
5. RAM Slot :- Yeh 3 prakar ke hote hain.
          a). SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)
          b). RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module)
          c). DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)
a). SIMM :- Iska use purane Motherboard pr kiya jata hai, Ispr 30 va 72 pin ki RAM Support karti thi, jinhe hum FPM va EDO RAM ke naam se jante hain, FPM va EDO RAM jo 30 pin Ki hoti thi usme koi cut nhi hota tha,tatha jo RAM 72 pin ki Hoti thi usme ek cut diya hota tha.
b). RIMM :- Is prakar ke slot me RD RAM ka use kiyajata tha, RD RAM ka use Pantium 4 ke Motherboard pr kiya jata tha, RD RAM Ka fullform (Rambus Dynamic) hai.
c). DIMM :- Is prakar ke slot me SD RAM tatha DDR RAM
ka use kiya jata hai,
SD :- SYNCHRONUS DYNAMIC.
DDR :- DOUBLE DATA RATE.
Is prakar ke Slots Pantium 4 se lekar ab tak ke Motherboard Pr use kiya ja raha hai.
MOTHERBOARD SERIES :-
  Number           *****      Processor
1. 8088              *****   Pantium 1
2. 80186             *****   Pantium 1      
3. 80286             *****   Pantium 1      
4. 80386             *****   Pantium 1      
5. 80486             *****   Pantium 1      
6. 80586, 80686       *****   Pantium 2      
7. 810, 815           *****   Pantium 3      
8. 845, 856           *****   Pantium 4      
9. 865, 915, 101       *****   Dual Core      
10. 945, 965          *****   Core 2 Duo     
11. 975              *****   Core 2 Quad    
PORTS :-
a). Ps/2 (Personal System) :- Computer k Motherboard
pr 2 Ps/2 Port diye hote hain, isme se blue Ps/2 Port ka
use Keyboard k liye tatha green ka use Mouse k liye kiya
jata hai, isme 6 Pin di hoti hain, usme se ek Pin NC (Not-
For Connect) hoti hai.
b). VGA Port :- Yeh 15 Pin ka Femail Port hota hai, jisme
5 – 5 Pin ki 3 lines hoti hai, jisme Monitor connect kiya
Jata hai, yeh Mostly Blue Color k hote hain.
c). COM Port :- Yeh 9 Pin ka mail Port hota hai,